Transcription Oral Presentation

History

It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference.

The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty".

DEFINITION

• Non Governmental Organizations in the UN System" describes NGOs as non-commercial, and therefore should have a non-profit making aim, and non-political organization that should not `openly engage in violence or advocate violence as a political tactic and that they should be able to raise funds from their members or voluntary contributions.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state.

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs.

There are many problems that couldn't be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organitations are too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises.

NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development.

TYPES:

NGO type can be understood by orientation and level of co-operation.

NGO typebyorientation

Charitableorientation;

Serviceorientation;

Participatoryorientation;

Empoweringorientation;

NGO type by level of co-operation

Community- BasedOrganization;

City Wide Organization;

NationalNGOs;

International NGOs;

WHAT ARE THE REASONS OF FOUNDATION

NGOs are founded by people who voluntarily associate with an aim of working together to achieve a common goal/objective. Such a goal may be short or long-term, professional, needs driven or otherwise.

REASONS FOR EXISTENCE

• Another reason for the existence of NGOs is that people come together in independent groups to promote some type of activity that is not being undertaken by governments. Alternatively, governments may already be involved in an activity but groups are formed in order to challenge the way government is handling it.

REQUIREMENT FOR FORMATION OF NGO’S

• Formation of NGOs require innovative thinking, creativity, conceptualization of vision, ability to assess an existing gap in the provision of a service(s) or goods which calls for the skills to analyze what is and what ought to be- the real and the ideal.

Most founders of successfulNGOs

• They have ability to influence and mobilize popular support from beneficiaries, government and other possible state holders.

• They should be clear on their geographical area of operation and have clearly stated missions and objectives.

• They are good at planning, have entrepreneurial and managerial skills, are willing to work voluntarily at least in the formative stages, should be able to understand the culture and traditions of the target groups and be ready to move with and adopt to the changing environment.

Staffing

Not all people working for non-governmental organizations are volunteers.

Expatriates: There are some people that works permanently abroad helping people. They are the main members of the NGO, directing people and controlling that the aims are achieved.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

1. They have the ability to experiment freely with innovative approaches and, if necessary, to take risks.

2. They are flexible in adapting to local situations and responding to local needs and therefore able to develop integrated projects, as well as sectoral projects.

3. They enjoy good rapport with people and can render micro-assistance to very poor peope as they can identify those who are most in need and tailor assistance to their needs.

4. They have the ability to communicate at all levels, from the neighbourhood to the top levels of government.

5. They are able to recruit both experts and highly motivated staff with fewer restrictions than the government.

Disadvantages

1. Paternalistic attitudes restrict the degree of participation in programme/project design.

2. Restricted ways of apporach to a problem or area.

3. Lessreplicability of an idea, due to non-representativeness of the project or selected area, relatively small project coverage, dependence on outside financial resources, etc.

4. "Territorial possessiveness" of an area or project reduces cooperation between agencies, seen as threatening or competitive.

MOST POPULOUS NGO:

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide[1] which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without any discrimination based on nationality, race, sex, religious beliefs, class or political opinions.

Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity"[3] and focuses its work on world wide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling and anti-nuclear issues. Greenpeace uses direct action,lobbying and research to achieve its goals.

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research andrestoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.

United Nations Children's Emergency Fundwas createdto provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. Now UNICEF provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.

Andrea and Cristina.

Transcription

UNITED STATES

NATIVE AMERICANS AND EUROPEAN SETTLERS

The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated from Asia, beginning between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago. Some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After Europeans began settling the Americas, many millions of them died from epidemics of imported diseases like smallpox.

FOOD:

American cuisine is similar to other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, indigenous foods employed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American styles.

Characteristic dishes like apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed. Americans generally prefer coffee to tea.

SPORTS:

Since the late 19th century, baseball has been regarded as the national sport; American football ,basketball, and ice hockey are the country's three other leading professional team sports. College football and basketball attract large crowds.

Basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheer leaders are American inventions. While most major U.S. sports have been taken from European activities.

HEALTH

The United States life expectancy of 77.8 years at birth.

LANGUAGE:

English is in fact the national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common Language. Some Americans want to make English the country's official language,

While neither has a no official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.

GEOGRAPHY

 50 federal states

 America is the third most populous nation in the world after China and India

CLIMATE

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The southern tip of Florida is tropical, as is Hawaii. Much of the Western mountains are alpine. The climate is dry in the Great Basin, desert in the South west, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not common—the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the country, mainly in the Midwest's Tornado Alley.

HOLLYWOOD

Hollywood’s Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, California, United States, on whose soil is placed over 2,000 5-pointed stars with the names of celebrities to whom the House of Hollywood trade honor for his contribution to the entertainment industry.

CURIOUSITIES:

-The most expensive restaurant in the United States, is in New York.

Masa Restaurant, New York.
Price: $ 366.

This small restaurant, seating for 26 people, is the most expensive in the U.S. with a menu that ranges between 350 and $ 500 per person not including any glass of alcohol.

-The most populous city in the United States.

Is, of course, New York.

With 17,800,000 seventeen million eight hundred thousand persons, is the second most populous city in the world. 1rst: Tokio.

-The most poor State in the United States is Mississipi.

-WHAT IS THE ONLY PLACE IN THE UNITED STATES WHEN IS NOT COMMON CELEBRATETHANKSGIVING DAY IN NOVEMBER?

The virgin islands.